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Key Points. Acidosis in beef cattle occurs when the rumen microbes produce more acid than what can be used and rumen pH falls below 5.6 for an extended amount of time.
IntroductionCattle and other ruminants are able to digest grasses and other fibrous material because of the billions of bacteria, fungi and protozoa in the rumen. Each of these microbes has a preferred food source. For example, some prefer fibrous materials, while others prefer starch. Regardless of their preferred feed source, all bacteria beak down simple sugars into volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. These VFA’s provide an important energy source for cattle and are absorbed through the rumen wall into the bloodstream.Volatile fatty acids are acidic under normal pH conditions in the rumen ( normal rumen pH is 5.5 – 7.0). As a result, rumen pH varies with the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.
Rumen pH drops as feed is digested rapidly, and rises when the rate of digestion slows. Normally, the production and utilization of volatile fatty acids is in balance, however acidosis occurs when acid is produced faster than it can be used.Ruminal acidosis is a digestive disorder that is characterized by low rumen pH (more acidic than normal). Typically acidosis is when pH falls below 5.6 for an extended period of time.Cattle are at greatest risk for acidosis when consuming feed that is high in fermentable carbohydrates such as high grain rations commonly associated with feedlots, but acidosis can also happen on high quality pasture. Cattle that go off feed for an extended period of time due to weather, illness, or management are also at risk when they resume feed intake.The following video explains what acidosis is , what happens in an animal when there is a low rumen pH , what risk factors can lead to acidosis in a feedlot setting , and how step-up rations can be designed to prevent acidosis.Temporary reductions in rumen pH are normal and indicate the animal’s feed intake is adequate in quantity and quality.
Low rumen pH at tolerable levels has been associated with improved performance. However, when pH drops too low or is low for too long, negative effects begin to occur including:. reduced rumen contractions. decreased fibre digestion.
reduced nutrient absorption. production of toxins within the rumen. damage to the rumen liningWhen damage to the rumen wall is severe, bacteria can enter the blood stream, leading to andSusceptibility to acidosis appears to vary greatly among different cattle.
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Some cattle appear to be very tolerant of highly fermentable diets while others will show clinical symptoms of rumen acidosis. Further research is needed to better understand this variability however it is likely that many factors contribute to an animal’s vulnerability. Feeding behaviour (meal patterns, meal size, feed sorting), the types of microbes in the rumen, saliva production, rumen motility, prior feed consumption, and the ability of the animal to regulate pH can affect an animals tolerance to acidosis.TypesAcidosis can be described as acute or subacute. Acute and sub-acute acidosis have different symptoms and causes. Both types can cause serious animal health, welfare, production, and economic problems in the beef industry.Acute AcidosisAcute acidosis occurs when rumen pH drops severely and remains low for an extended period of time.Subacute acidosis is a temporary imbalance between acid production and absorption.Acute acidosis (also referred to as 'grain overload') usually occurs when ruminants consume too much highly digestible starch or sugar (grains, potatoes, sugar beets). Acute acidosis can occur in the feedlot sector but there have been cases in cow-calf herds associated with infrequent supplementation programs and extensive grazing systems using cereal crops.
When acute acidosis occurs, rapid starch fermentation causes rumen pH to drop severely and remains low for an extended period of time. Many rumen microbes die off when rumen pH gets too low. However, some lactic acid-producing microbes can thrive in an acidic environment. This can cause pH to spiral downward, resulting in acute acidosis.
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The Cows Digestive SystemTexas AgriLife ExtensionSubacute Ruminal AcidosisThe Merck Veterinary ManualHealth management: Grain overload:Alberta Agriculture and ForestryNutritional management: Principles of bunk management:Alberta Agriculture And ForestryRumen AcidosisThe Beef SiteComparative feed values for ruminants.OMAFRAFeedbackFeedback and questions on the content of this page are welcome. AcknowledgementsThanks to Dr. Greg Penner, professor at the University of Saskatchewan for contributing his time and expertise during the development of this page.
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